The highest elevation was 9 feet above sea level. All major railroads served Galveston and 60% of the state's cotton crop was exported through its port. [36] Further, according to Larson, no other survivors are known to have corroborated these accounts. The hurricane which visited Galveston Island on Saturday, September 8, 1900, was no doubt one of the most important meteorological events in the world's history. In Vergennes, a number of telephone wires snapped, while many apples, pears, and plums were blown off the trees. This killer weather system was first detected over the tropical Atlantic on August 27. [124], In the months prior to the hurricane, valet Charles F. Jones and lawyer Albert T. Patrick began conspiring to murder wealthy businessman William Marsh Rice in order to obtain his wealth. [44] The Galveston hurricane of 1900 is the deadliest natural disaster to strike the United States. The hurricane wrought damage to many buildings, including a Masonic temple, a railroad powerhouse, an opera house, a courthouse, and many businesses,[63] churches, homes, hotels, and school buildings. The Galveston Hurricane of 1900: Volunteers removing debris on 21st street Searching for the dead on South Tremont Street Taking dead bodies on the railroad barge for burial at sea Video - Footage of the Galveston storm aftermath, by Thomas Edison THE FATE OF GALVESTON Mr James G Timmins Escaped from that City and Tells of the Hurricane's Effect [78], Early property damage estimates were placed at $25million. [27] Cline further argued in his 1891 article in the Daily News that a seawall was not needed due to his belief that a strong hurricane would not strike the island. [131] By state, the largest donations included $228,000 from New York, $67,000 from Texas, $56,000 from Illinois, $53,000 from Massachusetts, and $52,000 from Missouri. Estimates of the death toll range from 6,000 to 12,000 people, in addition to many more on the Gulf Coast and along the shores of the bay . [75], Three schools and St. Mary's University were nearly destroyed. Galveston 1890-1900. Willis Moore, then the head of the USWB in Washington, was disdainful of the Cubans. By the time the storm passed, the hurricane and the resulting storm surge would kill between 6,000 to 12,000 people. Additional damage to fruit and shade trees occurred in Middlebury and Winooski. [76], The area of destruction an area in which nothing remained standing after the storm consisted of approximately 1,900 acres (768.9ha) of land and was arc-shaped, with complete demolition of structures in the west, south, and eastern portions of the city, while the north-central section of the city suffered the least amount of damage. It killed between 8,000 and 12,000 people. [90] Rough seas in Lake Erie resulted in several maritime incidents offshore Ohio. [11] However, the United States Weather Bureau (as it was then called) disagreed with this forecast, as they expected the system to recurve and make landfall in Florida before impacting the American East Coast. To this day, the 1900 Galveston hurricane remains the deadliest natural disaster in the nation's history, according to the NOAA. Firefighters and police rescued and aided stranded residents. [79], On the morning of September9, one of the few ships at the Galveston wharfs to survive the storm, the Pherabe, set sail and arrived in Texas City on the western side of Galveston Bay with a group of messengers from the city. Significant intensification followed and the system peaked as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 145mph (235km/h) on September8. [28] By the following day, a hurricane warning was in effect along the coast from Cedar Key to Savannah, Georgia, while storm warnings were displayed from Charleston, South Carolina, to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, as well as from Pensacola, Florida, to New Orleans, Louisiana. The storm killed an estimated 8,000 people-20 percent of the city . 3: Rainfall Associated With Hurricanes (and Other Tropical Disturbances), "Unimaginable devastation: Deadly storm came with little warning", September Normals, Means and Extremes for Galveston, "After the Great Storm: Galveston's response to the hurricane of 1900", "Map of Galveston, Showing Destruction By The Storm", "Clara Barton and the Formation of Public Policy in Galveston, 1900", "The Tempest At Galveston: 'We Knew There Was A Storm Coming, But We Had No Idea', "Galveston Hurricane of 1900 - Panoramic View of Tremont Hotel", "Water Driven from Toledo Harbor and Vessels Stuck in the Mud", The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492 1994, "Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities Galveston, Texas", "U.S. Census Bureau History: 1900 Galveston Hurricane", "Some of the Contributions to the Relief Fund", "Galveston was 'The Ellis Island of the West', "J.H.W. [127], Winifred Bonfils, a young journalist working for William Randolph Hearst, was the first reporter on the line at the hurricane's ground zero in Galveston. [19] The city's position on the natural harbor of Galveston Bay along the Gulf of Mexico made it the center of trade in Texas, and one of the busiest ports in the nation. But with a toppled infrastructure and transportation to and from the island virtually cut off, city officials resorted to burning bodies in massive pyres on the . In Ontario, storm surge in Lake Ontario ranged from 8 to 10ft (2.4 to 3.0m), wreaking havoc on vessels, beaching several boats, destroying a number of boats, and setting some others adrift. The Galveston hurricane of 1900 was one of the deadliest category four hurricanes to ever hit the United States, killing over 6,000 people and destroying thousands of buildings. On September 8, 1900, a powerful hurricane devastated the island and the Orphans Home was heavily damaged. In another incident nearby, the steamer City of Erie, with about 300passengers aboard, was hit by a wave that swept over the bulwarks. [71] Of the 39churches in Galveston, 25experienced complete destruction, while the others received some degree of damage. [82] Between 1907 and 1914, Congregation B'nai Israel rabbi Henry Cohen and philanthropist Jacob Schiff spearheaded the Galveston Movement. Answer: As has already been stated the 1900 hurricane was the deadliest natural disaster to ever hit the United States. [148] Speakers at the candlelight memorial service included U. S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison, who was born in Galveston; Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration D. James Baker; and CBS Evening News anchor Dan Rather, who gained fame for his coverage during Hurricane Carla in 1961. [5] As the system emerged into the Straits of Florida, Gangoite observed a large, persistent halo around the moon, while the sky turned deep red and cirrus clouds moved northwards. The bulkhead of the pier was washed away, while docks and several seawalls were damaged. [20] With this prosperity came a sense of complacency,[21] as residents believed any future storms would be no worse than previous events. [111], Strong winds in Vermont generated rough seas in Lake Champlain. [34], Antigua reported a severe thunderstorm passing over on August30, with lower barometric pressures and 2.6in (66.0mm) of rain on the island. However, that view was not universally held by all Texas residents, particularly those advocating other Texas seaports. [13] The hurricane continued to strengthen significantly while heading west-northwestward across the Gulf. Along the coast, storm surge inundated Johnson Bayou, while tides at some locations reached their highest level since the 1875 Indianola hurricane. Located on a barrier island 30 miles long and several miles wide, Galveston was a booming commercial port and posted close to 40,000 residents making it the largest city in Texas. It slowly strengthened while moving steadily west-northwestward and entered the northeastern Caribbean on August 30. [113] According to a man near the lake, all water from the New York portion of the lake was blown to the Vermont side, crashing ashore in waves as high as 15 to 20ft (4.6 to 6.1m). Several people were injured and two deaths occurred in the city, one from a live wire and the other was a drowning after a boat capsized in Lake Michigan. [147], The last reported survivor of the Galveston hurricane of 1900, Maude Conic of Wharton, Texas,[150] died November14, 2004, at the claimed age of 116, although the 1900 census and other records indicate she was about 10years younger than that. [143] Damage in Galveston and surrounding areas prompted proposals for improvements to the seawall, including the addition of floodgates and more seawalls. The large discrepancy between the fatality figures is due to the fact that many people were reported missing. Galveston Texas Hurricane Wreckage Great Storm of 1900 Topsy-Turvy Stereoview . In Puerto Rico, the storm produced winds up to 43mph (69km/h) at San Juan. [137] Over 2,100buildings were raised in the process of pumping sand underneath,[32] including the 3,000-st (2,700-t) St. Patrick's Church. Between 6,000 and 12,000 people are believed to have been killed by it. : An Interactive. Indianola was rebuilt,[25] though a second hurricane in 1886 caused most of the town's residents to move elsewhere. D. E. E. Braman (1857). A bathhouse at Harvard University lost a portion of its tin roof and its copper cornices. On September 8, 1900, the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history occurred when the low-elevation island of Galveston, Texas, was struck by a category four hurricane that resulted in 135 mph winds and a deadly tidal surge. [152][153], "Galveston hurricane" redirects here. Although its death toll will never be known precisely, the 1900 Storm claimed upwards of 8,000 lives on Galveston Island and several thousand more on the mainland. This new entertainment-based economy brought decades-long prosperity to the island. [5] Moving rapidly east-northeastward, the extratropical system re-intensified, becoming the equivalent of a Category1 hurricane over Ontario on September12. This film was shot at the Tremont Hotel. All bridges connecting the island to the mainland were washed away, while approximately 15mi (24km) of railroad track was destroyed. Once over land, the tropical system quickly weakened and moved to the northeast. St. George, a German steamer, ran aground at Daiquir. The Weather Bureau forecasters had no way of knowing the storm's trajectory, as Weather Bureau director Willis Moore implemented a policy to block telegraph reports from Cuban meteorologists at the Belen Observatory in Havana considered one of the most advanced meteorological institutions in the world at the time due to tensions in the aftermath of the SpanishAmerican War. Printer Friendly Version >>>. When its fury finally abated, at least 8,000 people were dead, 3,600 buildings were destroyed, and damage estimates exceeded $20 million ($700 million in today's dollars). Funeral pyres were set up on the beaches, or wherever dead bodies were found, and burned day and night for several weeks after the storm. [149] The Daily News published a special 100th anniversary commemorative edition newspaper on September3, 2000. [83] A number of fatalities also occurred after strong winds turned debris into projectiles. The great storm brought flooding and severe thunderstorms to portions of the Caribbean, especially Cuba and Jamaica. At another fair in New Milford, fifteen tents collapsed, forcing closure of the fair. [10] The hurricane left "considerable damage" in the Palm Beach area, according to The New York Times. It was a class 4 hurricane (135+mph) and caused an estimated 8000 deaths, making it the deadliest for the mainland United States history. [71] However, itemized estimates from 1901 based on assessments conducted by the Galveston News, the Galveston chamber of commerce, a relief committee, and multiple insurance companies indicated that the storm caused just over $17million in damage throughout Galveston, including about $8.44million to residential properties, $500,000 to churches, $656,000 to wharves and shipping properties, $580,000 to manufacturing plants, $397,000 to mercantile buildings, $1.4million to store merchandise, $670,000 to railroads and telegraph and telephone services, $416,000 to products in shipment, $336,000 to municipality properties, $243,000 to county properties, and $3.16million to United States government properties. [16][17] The city was the fourth largest municipality in terms of population in the state of Texas in 1900, and had among the highest per capita income rates in the U.S.[18] Galveston had many ornate business buildings in a downtown section called The Strand, which was considered the "Wall Street of the Southwest". For other hurricanes that impacted Galveston, see. [31] It is believed 8,000people20% of the island's populationhad lost their lives. On September 8, 1900, however, the Great Galveston Hurricane roared ashore, devastating the island with 130-140mph winds and a storm surge in excess of 15ft. September 8, 1900 seemed like a fairly normal day in the Texas town of Galveston. [64] Streets were littered with branches from shade trees and downed electrical wires, leaving several roads completely impassable to cars. However, after gulf currents washed many of the bodies back onto the beach, a new solution was needed. Nothing could be seen of Galveston. [121] With the city in ruins and railroads to the mainland destroyed, the survivors had little to live on until relief arrived. [59], Nearly all of the damage in the United States occurred in Texas, with much of the damage in Galveston. Fourteen out of sixteen crew members drowned. [30] Few people evacuated across Galveston's bridges to the mainland,[31] and the majority of the population was unconcerned by the rain clouds that began rolling in by midmorning. The barometric pressure at the Galveston weather station at 7:00 a.m. on Sept. 6 was 29.97 inches of mercury and slowly falling. When they reached the telegraph office in Houston early on September10, a short message was sent to Texas Governor Joseph D. Sayers and U.S. President William McKinley: "I have been deputized by the mayor and Citizen's Committee of Galveston to inform you that the city of Galveston is in ruins." In a single night of horror, more than 6,000 islanders lose their lives and countless others are left in devastation. Surface weather analysis of the hurricane on September 8, just before landfall. [66] Ten refugees from the Beaumont train sought shelter at the Point Bolivar lighthouse with 190residents of Port Bolivar who were already there. [72], The dead bodies were so numerous that burying all of them was impossible. Winds also blew water out of parts of the Maumee River and Maumee Bay to such an extent that they were impassable by vessels due to low water levels. The Galveston Hurricane Digital History ID 3688 Date:1900 Annotation: The 1900 Galveston hurricane was the worst natural disaster America ever suffered. It remains to the present day the deadliest single day event in US history. [11] As a result, the central office of the Weather Bureau issued a storm warning in Florida from Cedar Key to Miami on September5. It was an important city on the Gulf of Mexico. A house suffered damage after its own chimney fell and collapsed through the roof. During the early 20th century, the island city of Galveston, still recovering from the devastating Hurricane of 1900, launched efforts to strengthen its tourism industry building new venues such as the famed Hotel Galvez and organizing regular waterfront events.. Beauty contests had existed around the U.S. since the 19th century as a means to build tourism for local communities. It ranks as the deadliest natural disaster in North American history and one of the most costly. A sign pole, snapped by the wind, landed on a 23-year-old man, crushing his skull and killing him instantly, while two others were knocked unconscious. [24] Then in 1875, a powerful hurricane blew through and nearly destroyed the town. First news from Galveston just received by train that could get no closer to the bay shore than 6mi[9.7km] where the prairie was strewn with debris and dead bodies. [142] Other powerful tropical cyclones would test the effectiveness of the seawall, including Hurricane Carla in 1961, Hurricane Alicia in 1983, and Hurricane Ike in 2008. [5] The lowest recorded barometric pressure was 964.4mbar (28.48inHg), but this was subsequently adjusted to the storm's official lowest measured central pressure of about 936mbar (27.6inHg). One Cuban forecaster predicted the hurricane would continue into central Texas near San Antonio. Nearly three quarters of the island city was demolished. Many buildings and homes destroyed other structures after being pushed into them by the waves,[72] which even demolished structures built to withstand hurricanes. Another crucial response involved raising the elevation of some 500 city blocks anywhere from 8 to 17 feet. Over 6000 peopleone in six of the city's residentsdied. [84] The Galveston hurricane of 1900 remains the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. Awnings and signs on many buildings broke and the canvas roofing at the Fire Department headquarters was blown off. Tropical storms struck fairly regularly, although it had been many . The 1900 Galveston hurricane was the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history. [33][34] Although Isaac Cline is credited with issuing a hurricane warning without permission from the Bureau's central office,[35] author Erik Larson points to his earlier insistence that a seawall was unnecessary and his notion that an intense hurricane could not strike the island, with Cline even considering it "simply an absurd delusion" to believe otherwise. [80] The citizens of Houston knew a powerful storm had blown through and had prepared to provide assistance. Galveston hurricane of 1900, also called Great Galveston hurricane, hurricane ( tropical cyclone) of September 1900, one of the deadliest natural disasters in U.S. history, claiming more than 8,000 lives. Nearly all vessels owned by the Buffalo Canoe Club suffered severe damage or destruction at Crystal Beach. The churches, the great business houses, the elegant residences of the cultured and opulent, the modest little homes of laborers of a city of nearly forty thousand people; the center of foreign shipping and railroad traffic lay in splinters and debris piled twenty feet above the surface, and the crushed bodies, dead and dying, of nearly ten thousand of its citizens lay under them. Item Length: 19.3 cm. [94] A newly built iron works building was virtually destroyed, causing a loss of about $10,000. Galveston was cut off from the rest of the country. The storm dissipated on Sept. 15. Two schooners were driven ashore at Sydney and a brigantine was also beached at Cape Breton Island. [112] In the state capital of Montpelier, several large trees at the state house were uprooted. Loss of life and property undoubtedly most appalling. Much of his professional career would be spent studying the science . Stele to Sayers, September 1112, 1900", "Post-storm rebuilding considered 'Galveston's finest hour', 10.1175/1520-0493(1915)43<405:TTSOA>2.0.CO;2, "Houston Eyes Designer Bonds to Pay for $15 Billion Ike Dike", "Hurricane's victims honored throughout the city", "Oldest living Texas Republican celebrates 113th birthday", Mythic Galveston: reinventing America's third coast, "Thrilling Experiences In The Galveston Storm", When Weather Changed History - Galveston Hurricane, The Deadliest Hurricane in History: A Storm of Unimaginable Magnitude, Ocean Star Offshore Drilling Rig & Museum, Sts. Two wooden frame building were demolished, while winds also toppled fences throughout the city. Losses at the exposition alone were conservatively estimated at $75,000. In Plymouth and other nearby towns, some residents evacuated from the fires by boat. [133] The dredging of the Houston Ship Channel began by 1909,[134] which opened in 1914, ending Galveston's hopes of regaining its former status as a major commercial center. [144], In historiography, the hurricane and the rebuilding afterward divide what is known as the Golden Era (18751900) from the Open Era (19201957) of Galveston. [81] Most had drowned or been crushed as the waves pounded the debris that had been their homes hours earlier. Construction to raise the seawall after the hurricane. Overall, 258 barrels, 1,552 pillow cases, and 13 casks of bedding, clothing, crockery, disinfectants, groceries, hardware, medical supplies, and shoes were received at the warehouse, while $17,341 in cash was donated to the Red Cross. Winds and storm surge also downed electrical, telegraph, and telephone wires. However, survivors reported observing bricks, slate, timbers, and other heavy objects becoming airborne, indicating that winds were likely stronger. [10] In Jamaica, heavy rainfall from the storm caused all rivers to swell. [126] In the first two weeks following the storm, approximately 17,000 people resided in these tents, vacant storerooms, or public buildings. In Ontario, damage reached about C$1.35million, with CAD$1million to crops. At Woodlawn Beach, several dozens of small boats and a pier were destroyed. Galveston Hurricane of 1900 The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 made landfall on the city of Galveston, Texas on September 8, 1900. After the storm, between six and ten thousand people were dead,. [130], A number of cities, businesses, organizations, and individuals made monetary donations toward rebuilding Galveston. But something that bad doesn't happen without changing the course of history Today, Houston is the largest city in Texas, and a major hub of the shipping, medical , and energy. Weather Service bureau in Galveston during the 1900 Storm. On September 8, 1900, the port city of Galveston in the U.S. state of Texas was struck by a Category 4 hurricane which resulted in the deaths of at least 8,000 people.It is the deadliest natural disaster in the history of the United States and the third costliest hurricane ever to strike the nation. More than $134,000 in donations poured in from New York City alone. The most important long-term impact of the hurricane was to confirm fears that Galveston was a dangerous place to make major investments in shipping and manufacturing operations; the economy of the Golden Era was no longer possible as investors fled. Though hurricanes and other larger storms have increased in frequency, duration and intensity due to the effects of climate change . The highest points in the city when the hurricane hit ranged between seven and nine feet above sea level. [109] At Cape Cod, a wind speed of 45mph (72km/h) was observed at Highland Light in North Truro. Initially at tropical storm status, it remained mostly stagnant in intensity while moving steadily west-northwestward and entered the northeastern Caribbean on August30. They were so numerous that observers began referring to Galveston as the "White City on the Beach". [125], Survivors set up temporary shelters in surplus United States Army tents along the shore. The hurricane caused great loss of life, with a death toll of between 6,000 and 12,000people;[31] the number most cited in official reports is 8,000,[26][43] giving the storm the third-highest number of deaths of all Atlantic hurricanes, after the Great Hurricane of 1780 and Hurricane Mitch in 1998. The images in this section attest to . The 85 who stayed with the train died when the storm surge overran the tops of the cars, while every person inside the lighthouse survived.[67]. [2][3], Portions of South Florida experienced tropical storm-force winds, with a sustained wind speed of 48mph (77km/h) in Jupiter and 40mph (64km/h) in Key West. [26][43] This loss of life can be attributed to the fact that officials for the Weather Bureau in Galveston brushed off the reports and they did not realize the threat. On September7, the system reached its peak intensity with estimated sustained wind speeds of 145mph (235km/h), which made it equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane on the modern-day SaffirSimpson scale. The storm . AboutPressCopyrightContact. Andrew Carnegie made the largest personal contribution, $10,000, while an additional $10,000 was donated by his steel company.[131]. [19][132] However, after the storm, development shifted north to Houston, which reaped the benefits of the oil boom, particularly after the discovery of oil at Spindletop on January10, 1901. The heavy rains were part of a hurricane, but most Galvestonians were not alarmed. Initially, bodies were collected by "dead gangs" and then given to 50African American men who were forcibly recruited at gunpoint to load them onto a barge. About 10mi (16km) farther north, the schooner Dundee sank, causing at least one death. [86] In Illinois, particularly hard hit was the city of Chicago, which experienced wind gusts up to 84mph (135km/h). [70] According to historian David G. McComb, the grade of about 500blocks had been raised by 1911. Know more about the type, origin, damage caused, death toll and the effect of the 1900 . [14] Many survived the storm itself but died after several days being trapped under the wreckage of the city, with rescuers unable to reach them. [15] The hurricane quickly weakened after moving inland, falling to tropical storm intensity late on September9. The disaster ended the Golden Era of Galveston, as the hurricane alarmed potential investors, who turned to Houston instead. [117], From September12September14, the extratropical remnants of the Galveston hurricane affected six Canadian provinces, resulting in severe damage and extensive loss of life. [47], The hurricane occurred before the practice of assigning official code names to tropical storms was instituted, and thus it is commonly referred to under a variety of descriptive names. [136], To prevent future storms from causing destruction like that of the 1900 hurricane, many improvements to the island were made. [83] More people were killed in this single storm than the total of those killed in at least the next two deadliest tropical cyclones that have struck the United States since. [105], Lightning produced by the storm ignited several brush fires in Massachusetts, particularly in the southeastern portions of the state, with winds spreading the flames. [39] A telegraph from the mayor of Trinidad, who was asking for assistance from the U.S. occupation government, indicated that the storm destroyed all crops and left many people destitute. [5][14], The cyclone made landfall around 8:00p.m CST on September8 (02:00UTC on September9) to the south of Houston as a Category4 hurricane. Water rose steadily from 3:00p.m. (21:00UTC) until approximately 7:30p.m. (01:30UTC September9), when eyewitness accounts indicated that water rose about 4ft (1.2m) in just four seconds. However, Jones misspelled Patrick's name on the check, arousing suspicion and eventually resulting in their arrests and convictions. [122], With thousands dead and roughly 2,000survivors leaving the city and never returning according to a Morrison and Fourmy Company survey, Galveston initially experienced a significant population decline. The morning of September 8 dawned with little fanfare in Galveston. [137] The three engineers recommended and designed a seawall. A plethora of fences and trees fell over, while windows shattered and a house under construction collapsed. As the collapse of the building appeared imminent, the sisters used a clothesline to tie themselves to six to eight children. However, Weather Bureau director Willis Moore insisted that the cyclone was not of hurricane intensity. The following information is from the NOAA's special report, . [126] The building committee, with a budget of $450,000, opened applications for money to rebuild and repair homes. 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Repair homes slowly strengthened while moving steadily west-northwestward and entered the northeastern Caribbean on August30 $ 1.35million, with $... Special 100th anniversary commemorative edition newspaper on September3, 2000 be spent studying the science 6,000 islanders lose their and... Onto the Beach, a New solution was needed and entered the Caribbean! Texas residents, particularly those advocating other Texas seaports system peaked as a 4! Animation, Precipitable water - Antarctic Expedition, shows the atmosphere throughout two. Fences and trees fell over, while the others received some degree of damage on 6. 6 was 29.97 inches of mercury and slowly falling Dundee sank, causing at least one death when... To 12,000 people are believed to have corroborated these accounts more than 134,000. [ 44 ] the Galveston weather station at 7:00 a.m. on Sept. was! Misspelled Patrick 's name on the city 6,000 islanders lose their lives and countless others are left devastation. Rapidly east-northeastward, the hurricane quickly weakened after moving inland, falling tropical... Storm intensity late on September9 States Army tents along the coast, storm surge would between... System quickly weakened and moved to the effects of climate change while winds also toppled fences throughout the years... On September9 crucial response involved raising the elevation of some 500 city blocks anywhere 8... By 1911 crop was exported through its port were littered with branches shade! Highland Light in North American history and one of the island in Puerto Rico, the produced! '' in the state & # x27 ; s special report, some degree damage... Of a hurricane, but most Galvestonians were not alarmed to strike the States... Heavy objects becoming airborne, indicating that winds were likely stronger a hurricane. Indicated that water rose about 4ft ( 1.2m ) in just four seconds a special anniversary... Of cities, businesses, organizations, and individuals made monetary donations toward rebuilding Galveston island.
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