While most theorists agree that it is mistaken to view care ethics as a womans morality, the best way to understand its relation to sex and gender is disputed. Clear - Kant's theory is argued as simple. She identifies the following metaphysical attitudes, cognitive capacities, and virtues associated with mothering: preservative love (work of protection with cheerfulness and humility), fostering growth (sponsoring or nurturing a childs unfolding), and training for social acceptability (a process of socialization that requires conscience and a struggle for authenticity). Mona Harrington explores the significance of the liberal ideal of equality to care ethics by tracing how womens inequality is linked to the low social valuing and provision of care work (Harrington, 2000). weaknesses: not flexible idea. In addition to the above topics, care ethics has been applied to a number of timely ethical debates, including reproductive technology, homosexuality and gay marriage, capital punishment, political agency, hospice care, and HIV treatment, as well as aspects of popular culture, such as the music of U-2 and The Sopranos. Critics worry that this stance privileges elite care-givers by excusing them from attending to significant differences in international standards of living and their causes. Act Utilitarianism Strength. Care ethics also reinforces the idea of traditional roles of women as the homemakers, the caretakers, and the self righteous (Keller, 1995). Attempts to legitimate this approach gained momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries, fueled by some suffragettes, who argued that granting voting rights to (white) women would lead to moral social improvements. The Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC) organization is the national public health organization that is committed to protect the health and safety of our nation. Feminist Ethics: Problems, Projects, Prospects.. Ambiguity: Care ethics fails to give a distinct direction towards ethics; this is because the theory is non-principled and may lead to overstating of the ethics. Whereas the former is thought to be the realm of justice, the social and historical, and generalized others, the latter is thought to be the realm of the good life, the natural and atemporal, and concrete others. It relieves others of any sense or obligation of care. For example, both Maurice Hamington and Daniel Engster make room for self-care in their definitions of care, but focus more precisely on special bodily features and end goals of care (Hamington, 2004; Engster, 2007). Fact-finding is a matter of common sense and does nor require any specialized legal training. Heavy lifting is a part of the work of the nurses. It is important for individuals to follow codes of ethics in order to be successful as an individual or be successful in a professional career. In Making Connections: The Relational Worlds of Adolescent Girls at Emma Willard School, Gilligan and her co-editors argued that the time between the ages of eleven and sixteen is crucial to girls formation of identity, being the time when girls learn to silence their inner moral intuitions in favor of more rule bound interpretations of moral reasoning (Gilligan, Lyons, and Hamner, 1990, 3). Care as Labor and Relationship in Mark S. Haflon and Joram C. Haber (ed.s), Sander-Staudt, Maureen. 7. Deontology doesn't include self-defense ideas. If the answer is yes, an ethics of care provides a way of understanding and justifying the impulse, which is, before anything else, to protect those bound to us. This emerged as a distinct model of care in the interviews and case studies, with unique strengths and weaknesses. Other definitions of care provide more precise delineations. In business, an ethics of care asks us to review decisions not in terms of hard rules but in terms of how they will affect the people with whom we share our lives. This objection further implies that the voice of care may not be an authentic or empowering expression, but a product of false consciousness that equates moral maturity with self-sacrifice and self-effacement. But how many of us would actually do that? Another strength of Virtue Ethics is that it helps achieve eudaimonia. While some care ethicists accept that care need not always have an emotional component, Bubecks definitional exclusion of self-care is rejected by other care ethicists who stress additional aspects of care. For instance, Vanessa Siddle Walker and John Snarey surmise that resolution of the Heinz dilemma shifts if Heinz is identified as Black, because in the United States African-American males are disproportionately likely to be arrested for crime, and less likely to have their cases dismissed without stringent penalties (Walker and Snarey, 2004). Conceptualizing care as a cluster of practices and values, she describes a caring person as one who has appropriate motivations to care for others and who participates adeptly in effective caring practices. She further argued that the scope of caring obligation is limited. The overseas bribery relationship may be one of those cases. Its hard, of course, to break away, but there are other potential clients out in the world and going after them may, in the final analysis, do more for the social health of the core group than clinging to a problem at all costs. The problem lies in determining how we know what kinds of persons we should be. Bubeck thus distinguishes care from service, by stipulating that care involves meeting the needs for others who cannot meet their needs themselves, whereas service involves meeting the needs of individuals who are capable of self-care. Ultimately, she argues that rights based moral theories presume a background of social connection, and that when fore-grounded, care ethics can help to create communities that promote healthy social relations, rather than the near boundless pursuit of self-interest. To their credit, and to the extent they match our expectations, these strengths make principle based theories very attractive. She characterized caring as an act of engrossment whereby the one-caring receives the cared-for on their own terms, resisting projection of the self onto the cared-for, and displacing selfish motives in order to act on the behalf of the cared-for. In some cases, care ethicists understand the perspectives of care and justice as mutual supplements to one another. Slote seeks to form an alliance against traditional masculine moral theories like Kantianism, utilitarianism, and social contract theory (Slote, 1998). Turning this perspective toward the bribery example, the overseas client, lets say, is an old and loyal client of the company, and also one whos always gotten a little extra from one or another employee. There are many different policies today that affect people and they all should be taken into consideration. Nonetheless, care has pervasively been assumed to be a symbolically feminine trait and perspective, and many women resonate with a care perspective. we like to look at the end result too much rather then the person and the morality of it. Ruddick explains how the practices of maternal persons (who may be men or women), exhibit cognitive capacities or conceptions of virtue with larger moral relevance. Originally conceived as most appropriate to the private and intimate spheres of life, care ethics has branched out as a political theory and social movement aimed at broader understanding of, and public support for, care-giving activities in their breadth and variety. Feminist critics, however, resist this assimilation on the grounds that it may dilute the unique focus of care ethics (Held, 2006; Sander-Staudt, 2006). Caring and being cared for are really important for human flourishing. Both charged traditional moral approaches with male bias, and asserted the voice of care as a legitimate alternative to the justice perspective of liberal human rights theory. Most parents trot out the idea of treating all their children identicallythey all get their first car at the same age and so onbut if a sibling has special problems at one stage of their development, theyll normally get special treatment in the name of preserving the family unit. But once it is acknowledged that women are diverse, and that some men exhibit equally strong tendencies to care, it is not readily apparent that care ethics is solely or uniquely feminine. For example, in the United States women of color and white women are differently situated in terms of who is more likely to give and receive care, and of what degree and quality, because the least paid care workers predominantly continue to be women of color. While Gilligan was relatively silent about the moral status of animals in care ethics, Noddings made it clear that humans have moral obligations only to animals which are proximate, open to caring completion, and capable of reciprocity. Because an obligation to care is rooted in dependency, humans do not have moral obligations to care for animals that are not dependent upon humans. Sympathy Furthermore, ethics help individuals make moral decisions about right and wrong behavior. Something similar happens within typical families. Two Perspectives of Care: Confucian, Lijun, Yuan. He argues that, in so doing, care ethics receives a way of treating our obligations to people we dont know, without having to supplement it with more problematic theories of justice. For years, it can be added, this overseas contract has been vital to the companys success. An emphasis on equality is always present with this leadership style. At the center of attention, independent actors are replaced by a web of interrelated individuals. The Curious Coincidence of Feminine and African Moralities. In, Held, Virginia. About the company, its not an anonymous multinational but a medium-sized, extended-family concern. As for all the rest of you, youre in your groups and in charge of yourselves. The tone and the style in which the code is . For similar reasons, Lijun Yuan doubts that Confucian ethics can ever be acceptable to contemporary feminists, despite its similarity to care ethics. 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strengths and weaknesses of ethics of care
