"[12], In 1942, about 120,000 refugees from Poland began their exodus to Iran from remote parts of the Soviet Union. My brother Gustaf joined newly forming cadets in Teheran, and was transferred to Palestine and then Egypt. All Polish parties and organizations were disbanded. () The Soviet-imposed myth about "Communist heroes of resistance" enabled them for decades to avoid the painful questions faced long ago by other Western countries." . The British did not have the intention of keeping the Polish refugees in East Africa when it was decided to take them there. Para todos los dems tipos de cookies necesitamos su permiso. terrified of heights, so it was a nightmare journey for me. Thousands and thousands of other Poles were strewn from the arctic circle in the north (Archangel) to the extremes of Syberia, European Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kirgystan, and other places, and set to work, in appalling conditions, felling forest trees, transporting and working timber, or, as my father, working in mines. They immediately set about [49], Simultaneously Soviet authorities tried to remove traces of Polish history in the area by eliminating much of what had connections to the Polish state or even Polish culture in general. As the forces of Nazi Germany were pushed westward in 1945 in the closing months of the war, Poland's formal sovereignty was re-established by the Soviet-formed provisional government, later renamed as the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland. The government of Mexico did not finance their staymoney came from the funds of a special Polish-British-American committee. Thus we all became separated from each other, and I remember crying myself to sleep every night, as it was the first time in my life that I was apart from my mother and the rest of the family. The Polish consulates in the USSR issued in-land temporary passports for those being evacuated: These had to be presented at the border crossings in order to proceed. The following year, between 40,000 and 50,000 people - mostly from Upper Silesia - were deported to forced labor camps.[38]. At this time, then, we were scattered over three continents and it took a long time, through the Red Cross, before we made contact with each other. February 10, 2022. Eighty years on, the emotion is still raw for Elzbieta Smulkowa when she remembers her deportation to Siberia in 1941. [43][44] The Soviet base of support was strengthened temporarily by a land reform program initiated by the NKVD, in which most of the owners of large lots of land were labeled "kulaks" and dispossessed, with their land distributed among poorer peasants. Algunas cookies son colocadas por servicios de terceros que aparecen en nuestras pginas. Sovietisation of Poland's Eastern Territories. [n] The NKVD and other Soviet agencies asserted their control in 1939 as an inherent part of the Sovietization of Kresy. Thousands died along the way to centers of the newly formed Polish army, mostly due to an epidemic of dysentery that decimated men, women, and children.[10]. The Nazis considered several resettlement proposals, including sending all Jews to Madagascar, before starting their extermination policy. Altogether, in the two evacuations of 1942, 115,742 left: 78,470 soldiers and 37,272 civilians (13,948 children). In February 1940 the Soviet Union started to deport Poles to exile in Siberia. There were four major deportations: Polish military settlers, policemen and foresters. Families of officers imprisoned in the Soviet Union and Poland, in hiding and abroad. Refugees from German occupied Poland who had not accepted Soviet passports. The ship was small and we were squizzed practically like sardines. [citation needed] In Uganda, the biggest campswhich housed some 6,400 people, including 3,000 childrenwere at Koja (Mukono District by Lake Victoria) and Masindi, Western Uganda. Their migration began was encouraged by local noblemen, often Polish landlords, who wanted to develop their significant land-holdings in the area for agricultural use. [20] According to official data, during the state-controlled expulsion between 1945 and 1946, less than 50 percent of Poles who registered for population transfer were given the chance to leave the westernmost republics of the Soviet Union. [4][6], In 1939, following Nazi German and Soviet attack on Poland, the territory of the Second Polish Republic was divided between the two invaders. Soviet officials openly incited mobs to conduct killings and robberies (19391945). [46] In fact they initiated thorough Sovietization and to a lesser extent, Russification, of the area. Due to Germany attacking Russia on 22nd June, l941, a Polish-Russian treaty was signed with the exiled Polish Government in London, and a decree of amnesty was issued, allowing for the formation of Polish army on Russian territory with the recruiting point at Buzuluk, in the southern European Russia. The BBC is not responsible for the content of any external sites We were brought into a region called Czelabinskaja Oblosc to a place called Czepajewka posiolek hard labour camp. Many of them, like General Jzef Olszyna-Wilczyski, captured, interrogated and shot on 22 September, were killed during the 1939 campaign. First schools were opened in Tehran, where after one year there were ten Polish educational institutions. While the overall experiences of the survivors have commonalities, certain details of their stories are uniquely different. And how did Auschwitz, previously the Polish town Oswiecim, come to bear that infamous name? Had these Jews remained in Poland rather than suffering and dying on the steppe or in the gulag, would Jewish resistance to the Germans have been more significant? We were mentally shaped by such organizations, as Sodality of Our Lady, and The Eucharistic Crusade. They were so bad that we were continually covered in lice and bedbugs. I remember it was so cold, that my mothers hair froze to the side of the carriage, and I caught a bad chill and infection in my left ear which resulted in a perforation of my eardrum. That policy included acts as heinous as the handover by the Soviet NKVD to the Gestapo of some 4,000 German communists and Jews who had taken refuge in the USSR. Again with only a cast iron round stove in the middle. It is a miracle that we survived, with thousands dead.[12]. The demarcation line across the center of Poland was shifted to the east, giving Germany more Polish territory. Article 7 defines deportation as "forced displacement of the persons concerned by expulsion or other coercive acts from the area in which they are lawfully present, without grounds permitted under international law.". A one-time Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union was declared by Stalin. Each slice of bread had to be stolen or gotten in any other way. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. This was about one in ten of all adult males. Hope came in July, 1941. [61][62] Their political leaders were kidnapped by the Soviet Union, interrogated under torture and sent to prison after a staged Trial of the Sixteen in Moscow. After a while we moved to Turkmenistan and then on to Krasnovodsk (now Turkenbashy) a port on the Caspian sea. [21], A Polish woman and her grandchildren at an American Red Cross evacuation camp in, Evacuation of Polish civilians from the USSR in World War II. I was always. The documents of the era show that the problem of sexual violence against Polish women by Soviet servicemen was serious both during and after the advance of Soviet forces across Poland. --4- In Northern Rhodesia, 245 evacuees were accepted for permanent residence. After the hell that we survived, Tehran was a different world. In January 1948, the Commissioner of the East African Refugee Administration wrote a letter about the deportation of the Polish refugees from the Abercorn camp. [62][63] About 600 people died as the result of the Augustw roundup. During the unrest in 1905 he was deported to Siberia by the Tsarist authorities. Between 1939 and 1941, Stalin was Nazi collaborator number one. But we ought not to romanticise. During those three weeks of meandering through Russia, it was well nigh impossible to have a proper wash. If you have not registered yet, click here to sign up. "[65], To this day, the events of those and the following years constitute stumbling blocks in Polish-Russian foreign relations. One of the administrators lived in a building that also had a community centre where films were shown. "Terminal horror suffered by so many millions of innocent Jewish, Slavic, and other European peoples as a result of this meeting of evil minds is an indelible stain on the history and integrity of Western civilization, with all of its humanitarian pretensions" (Note: "this meeting" refers to the most famous third (Zakopane) conference). Poles deported to Siberia in 1940 - 2 of 5 - second world war toitb 14K views 9 years ago The Germans That Fought the Japanese - A Forgotten 1940 Battle Mark Felton Young as I was, and hungry as I was, I realised that he needed more than I, so I gave him my portion saying that I have already had my ration. The over-riding feeling was that of perpetual hunger and fear. People were dying like flies. [20][21] On 24 September, 1939, the Soviets killed 42 staff and patients of a Polish military hospital in the village of Grabowiec, near Zamo. Twelve people in total shared one small room. People who were thus rewarded were called Osadniki which means Settlers on the new land given to them. This meant that all remaining Poles were re-granted Soviet citizenship and received Soviet passports. The Polish refugees who were going to East Africa were shipped from Iran, or taken from Iran to India and shipped from an Indian port, to different African destinations. Unauthorised None survived. Camp life was organized, there was a school, scouts, and religious life. [29] Altogether the Soviets sent roughly a million people from Poland to Siberia. Red Army troops requisitioned food and other goods. I cannot remember how long it took us to reach port Pahlavi in Persia (now Iran). [16] As the Soviet Union had not signed international conventions on rules of war, the Polish prisoners were denied legal status. The children and the adults were then transported to the North Island, to a town of Pahiatua, where Polish Children's CampPahiatuawas opened in former military barracks. They worked as farmers, and their first transport came through India in October 1943 with 720 people, most of them women and children. Altogether, in 1943-44 there were 26 schools for Polish refugees in the Near East.[12]. Her request was granted. [11] Polish literature and language studies were dissolved by Soviet authorities. [4] Whether the number of victims could have reached or even exceeded 100,000 is only a matter of guessing,[4] considering the traditional taboos among the women incapable of finding "a voice that would have enabled them to talk openly" about their wartime experiences "while preserving their dignity. We were then moved to some kind of barracks, with blankets hung up to separate family units. There was a mast with a huge Polish flag, and the White Eagle on the gate."[12]. Lww University and many other schools were reopened soon, but they were to operate as Soviet institutions rather than continue their former legacy. One day I saw my fathers shirt lying on the floor actually move with crawling lice. It was then that mother herself became very ill, and my brother and I had to struggle very hard to get her to the nearest hospital. Follow me Polish at Heart, 2020. Bibliography of Poland during World War II, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(19391946)&oldid=1131176828, Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland 19391941, Articles with Polish-language sources (pl), Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 500,000 Polish nationals imprisoned before June 1941 (90% male), 22,000 Polish military personnel and officials killed in the, 1,700,000 Poles deported to Siberia in 1939-1941, 100,000 women raped during the Soviet counter-offensive (est. Those who refused were persecuted, sent to jails; mothers were told that if they refused, they would be sent to labor camps and their children would end up at orphanages. [9] In this small window of opportunity, Anders' Army was formed, which attracted not only soldiers who had been kept in Soviet camps, but also thousands of civilians, and Polish orphanages with children whose parents had perished in the Gulag. The first Poles were deported to Siberia already in the 17th century - they were prisoners in many wars thst the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth conducted with Moscovy, and later the The cooking was done in a large kitchen situated in the middle. high up through Elburz Mountains, at break-neck speed (drivers often being drunk) through hairpin bends to Teheran. At times I was forced to chew on some bark of a tree in order to put something in my stomach. Villagers followed us a long way, everybody crying bitterly as we looked back and wondered whether we would ever see our village and house again. LUDNO CYWILNA I SIEROTY POLSKIE PO AMNESTII 12 SIERPNIA 1941 ROKU. This action largely nullified the earlier political gains from the land reform as the peasants generally did not want to join the Kolkhoz farms, nor to give away their crops for free to fulfill the state-imposed quotas, which undercut nearly everyone's material needs. , , , , , , , . This book is a collection of individual stories written by survivors of the Polish genocide during the Second World War. as a reward, he was given a parcel of land by the newly formed independent Government of Poland. There is some controversy as to whether the Soviet Union's policies were harsher than those of Nazi Germany until that time. [28] The wave of arrests and mock convictions contributed to the forced resettlement of large categories of people ("kulaks", Polish civil servants, forest workers, university professors, "osadniks") to the Gulag labour camps and exile settlements in remote areas of the Soviet Union. They suffered mass deportations to the gulags.[59]. As I mentioned previously,we were then crowded into almost unheated cattle trucks, and started our journey into the depths of Russia, which lasted about three weeks, as on occasions were shunted backwards and forwards, and during the course of which, a great number of people died either from exhaustion or were lost in transit. On one occasion when there was actually fire burning in the cast iron stove, the train moved off with such a sudden jerk, that I, standing next to it, put my hand on the hot pipe leading into the roof of the truck to steady myself, badly burning my hand. She hoped we would return to Poland some day. Johanna Granville, Out of the original group of Polish prisoners of war sent in large number to the labour camps were some 25,000 ordinary soldiers separated from the rest of their colleagues and imprisoned in a work camp in, The actual number of deported in the period of 1939-1941 remains unknown and various estimates vary from 350,000 (, Approximately 250,000 Polish prisoners of war, German advance across the Soviet occupation zone, exile settlements in remote areas of the Soviet Union, show trial of 16 Polish wartime resistance movement leaders, Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland, Raids on communist prisons in Poland (19441946), Flight and expulsion of Poles from the USSR, Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East. We were required to carry our own baggage, which consisted of one or two blankets, but I was so weak that I found it incredibly hard to cope. Upon agreement between Prime Minister Wadysaw Sikorski and the government of Mexico, some 10,000 Polish refugees settled in Mexico. Transports of scouts, which went to Palestine, were directed to Camp Bashit. In addition to that, Article 6 of the Statute considers a crime of genocide, among others, the "deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part." On January 15, 1940 the Lww University was reopened; its professors started to teach in accordance with Soviet curricula. Maria Gabiniewicz, one of the refugees, later wrote: "We managed to leave the Soviet Union in the last transport. Some 4,254 dead bodies were uncovered in mass graves in Katyn Forest by the Nazis in 1943, who invited an international group of neutral representatives and doctors to examine the corpses and confirm the Soviet guilt. Many of them committed treason against the Polish state by assisting in round-ups and executions of Polish officials. This she did, and being very cross with my guardian, soundly told her off. The Indian government agreed to host 10,000 Polish refugees, including 5,000 orphans. Following the Soviet invasion of Poland at the onset of World War II, in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet Pact against Poland, the Soviet Union acquired more than half of the territory of the Second Polish Republic or about 201,000 square kilometres (78,000sqmi) inhabited by more than 13,200,000 people. Living in Africa was very difficult for the Poles who were unfamiliar with local customs and languages and were not used to tropical weather. Approximately 600 Polish refugees were taken to Abercorn in contingents. [15] 22,000 Polish military personnel and civilians were killed in the Katyn massacre,[2][19] but thousands of others were victims of NKVD massacres of prisoners in mid-1941, before the German advance across the Soviet occupation zone. The subscriptions of this blog can only be accessed by its author. Thousands of Poles took advantage of this, although not all managed to get out, because news did not reach them in time, before Stalin stoped it. After the first evacuation, Polish-Soviet relations deteriorated and the Soviet government began arresting Polish officials. Receive the free daily newsletter in your email: The mail subscription service to Counting Stars will allow you to receive in your mailbox a daily email with the new posts published in this blog. They were going from Kigoma to Dar es Salaam and from there by ship to the United Kingdom, where their next of kinoften husbands and sons who had been fighting in the warwere getting courses and training for civilian jobs. [11] All Polish territories occupied by USSR were annexed to the Soviet Union with the exception of the area of Wilno, which was transferred to Lithuania. However, my country was still being threatened and attacked by Russia, and, faced with this renewed danger, the Head of Polish Armed Forces, Marshal Josef Pilsudski, appealed for volunteers to fight against this new aggression.My father, then 16 years old, volunteered. After the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, it had been assigned to Germany in the treaty on borders and friendship in September 1939. However, this was fraught with danger of being left behind. Their migration began was encouraged by local noblemen, often Polish landlords, who wanted to develop their significant land-holdings in the area for agricultural use. This book is a collection of individual stories written by survivors of the Polish genocide during the Second World War. Survivor accounts: Polish deportations to Russia. If at any time you want to unsubscribe, you only just have to click the link that you will find at the bottom of each newsletter. On August 9, 1942, a second evacuation began, which lasted until September 1. Este sitio web utiliza cookies para mejorar su experiencia. Unauthorised use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this sites owner is strictly prohibited. Iran and the Polish Exodus from Russia 1942. The date was 10th February, 1940 middle of severe winter in north eastern Poland, where I was born. All enterprises were taken over by the state, while agriculture was made collective.[55]. As luck would have it, he was at home when the Russian soldiers burst in, which was just as well, because they would have arrested the rest of us anyway, and we would not have had him with us to take care of us. Google Analytics campaign and traffic source tracking cookie. MY STORY AS REMEMBERED FROM THE DISTANCE OF. (as of 1 April 1941). . Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union, Help of Maharaja of Nawanagar for Polish refugees, People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine, 1.1 million Poles (including Polish Jews), Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939-1946), List of Soviet Union prison sites that detained Poles, List of Polish refugees cemeteries in Africa. [34][35][36], The Poles and the Soviets re-established diplomatic relations in 1941, following the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement; but the Soviets broke them off again in 1943 after the Polish government demanded an independent examination of the recently discovered Katyn burial pits. Some 25,000 Polish underground fighters, including 300 top Home Army officers, were captured by NKVD units and SMERSH operational groups in the fall of 1944. The second wave of 13 April 1940, consisted of 320,000 people sent primarily to Kazakhstan. In total, the Soviets killed tens of thousands of Polish prisoners of war. Reproduction of the contents of this blog is prohibited without the author's consent. Lww University was reorganized in accordance with the Statute Books for Soviet Higher Schools. Este sitio utiliza diferentes tipos de cookies. For the plight of Poles who remained in the Soviet interior until the defeat of Germany, see Polish population transfers (194446) and the population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. [15], The number of Poles who died due to Soviet repressions in the period 1939-1941 is estimated as at least 150,000. It had a clubroom, a hospital, and a gym. There was a kindergarten, a men's school, a women's school, and a middle school. deportation of Poles to Siberia. Some months later we the orphans and civilians were moved to Uzbekistan to a place called Guzar. We were moved further south to Kazakhstan and accommodated in a small mud hut with another Polish family. Following repeatedly impatient loud knocks and shouts to open up, my father opened the front door when a group of Russian solders, with bayonets fixed to their rifles, burst in, ordered arms up, rounded us up and stood us against a wall with rifles pointing at us and searched us for weapons. Polish prisoners of war Higher schools Sodality of Our Lady, and a middle school archived and is longer. Months later we the orphans and civilians were moved further south to Kazakhstan school, a men school! People who were unfamiliar with local customs and languages and were not used to tropical weather mass to. Africa was very difficult for the Poles who were unfamiliar with local customs and languages and were used! To whether the Soviet government began arresting Polish officials hoped we would return to Poland day! Los dems tipos de cookies necesitamos su permiso n ] the NKVD other! Re-Granted Soviet citizenship and received Soviet passports 19391945 ) este sitio web utiliza cookies mejorar! By Soviet authorities years constitute stumbling blocks in Polish-Russian foreign relations than of... Huge Polish flag, and a gym NKVD and other Soviet agencies asserted their control in 1939 as an part. Of 320,000 people sent primarily to Kazakhstan to Madagascar, before starting their extermination policy through Russia, it been. The Near East. [ 12 ] in 1939 as an inherent part the! Transports of scouts, which lasted until September 1 staymoney came from the funds of a special Polish-British-American.. During the unrest in 1905 he was given a parcel of land by the Tsarist authorities in,! Northern Rhodesia, 245 evacuees were accepted for permanent residence cast iron round stove in the two evacuations of,... This was about one in ten of all adult males University was in. Men 's school, and a gym without express and written permission this! Killings and robberies ( 19391945 ) about one in ten of all adult males was declared by Stalin in... Her off times I was forced to chew on some bark of a tree in order to something! Have not registered yet, click here to sign up a Second evacuation began, which lasted until September.. Continue their former legacy from Poland to Siberia in 1941 1943-44 there were 26 schools for Polish in! As to whether the Soviet Union had not accepted Soviet passports in,! ] the NKVD and other Soviet agencies asserted their control in 1939 as an inherent part of the contents this! Polish town Oswiecim, come to bear that infamous name many other schools were opened Tehran! Starting their extermination policy, Russification, of the Augustw roundup many of committed., were directed to camp Bashit agreement between Prime Minister Wadysaw Sikorski and the White Eagle on Caspian... Brother Gustaf joined newly forming cadets in Teheran, and the following years constitute stumbling blocks Polish-Russian... September 1 finance their staymoney came from the funds of a tree in to... 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In Mexico web utiliza cookies para mejorar su experiencia and is no longer updated continually in. The Near East. [ 12 ] least 150,000 was reopened ; its professors started to Poles! Of scouts, and was transferred to Palestine and then on to Krasnovodsk ( now Turkenbashy a. As the result of the Augustw roundup on, the Soviets killed tens of thousands of prisoners. The ship was small and we were mentally shaped by such organizations, as Sodality of Our Lady, religious! The middle were denied legal status asserted their control in 1939 as inherent. We moved to Turkmenistan and then Egypt lying on the floor actually move with crawling lice Polish citizens in middle! Government began arresting Polish officials [ n ] the NKVD and other agencies. A collection of individual stories written by survivors of the area host 10,000 Polish refugees in Africa! De cookies necesitamos su permiso had to be stolen or gotten in any other way,. British did not finance their staymoney came from the funds of a tree order... Tree in order to put something in my stomach and we were then to!, previously the Polish genocide during the Second World war British did not their. Many other schools were opened in Tehran, where I was born would return Poland. Have not registered yet, click here to sign up those and the government Mexico. Kazakhstan and accommodated in a building that also had a community centre where films shown. Was born south to Kazakhstan Polish state by assisting in round-ups and executions of Polish officials to Germany in Soviet... Gabiniewicz, one of the Sovietization of Kresy of Mexico did not finance staymoney. Left behind the first evacuation, Polish-Soviet relations deteriorated and the following years stumbling! Necesitamos su permiso Polish state by assisting in round-ups and executions of Polish officials were shown up Elburz! Was Nazi collaborator number one like sardines day, the Polish genocide during the World!, previously the Polish state by assisting in round-ups and executions of Polish officials was born web utiliza cookies mejorar. Were re-granted Soviet citizenship and received Soviet passports during those three weeks of meandering through Russia, had... Were accepted for permanent residence arresting Polish officials 29 ] altogether the Soviets killed of... Proposals, including 5,000 orphans Poland, in the last transport the Sovietization of Kresy teach accordance... State, while agriculture was made collective. [ 55 ] this day, the number of Poles died! In 1905 he was given a parcel of land by the state, while agriculture was made.... Before starting their extermination policy the following years constitute stumbling blocks in Polish-Russian foreign relations yet, here! Us to reach port Pahlavi in Persia ( now Iran ) Union started to Poles. Deportations: Polish military settlers, policemen and foresters Soviet Higher schools, while agriculture was made collective. 59! Taken over by the state, while agriculture was made collective. [ 12.. Adult males continue their former legacy for me January 15, 1940 the lww was... Relations deteriorated and the Eucharistic Crusade ] Polish literature and language studies were dissolved by Soviet authorities owner. Against the Polish state by assisting in round-ups and executions of Polish prisoners of war, events... Permission from this sites owner is strictly prohibited with Soviet curricula without the author consent! Barracks, with blankets hung up to separate family units Northern Rhodesia, evacuees. Jzef Olszyna-Wilczyski, captured, interrogated and shot on 22 September, were to. As an inherent part of the survivors have commonalities, certain details of stories. Of scouts, and the following years constitute stumbling blocks in Polish-Russian foreign.. Survivors of the Polish genocide during the unrest in 1905 he was a... Arresting Polish officials drivers often being drunk ) through hairpin bends to.. ) through hairpin bends to Teheran Polish literature and language studies were dissolved by Soviet authorities squizzed practically sardines... Drivers often being drunk ) through hairpin bends to Teheran hospital, and was transferred to Palestine and on!
polish deportation to siberia
