The long monastic tradition dates beck to the fifth century and the significant role of monasticism in the diffusion of Christian learning during the mediaeval period has been described in an earlier chapter. C) Reading the Psalms = , 12. There are Qene forms or models that the student has to master in order to be able to compose the Qene poems which are sung in different sections of the liturgy of the church or used to celebrate church and state ceremonials. memorization. . }, Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. = , 7 - = , 2. [ . ], 3. [ . [ . ], 16 - , 17 - = , 18 - . In the just completed Ethiopian year, it managed to get all its 8, 10, and 12 graders pass school leaving examinations.The School ranked 1st out of private schools in Addis Ababa and was awarded three cups as well as one big cup for being a general winner. The rest, including the teaching the traditions and service of the Church, is learned through daily experience in the parish itself. the functions of deacon and of a priest in the liturgy. However, before and after the mass there are readings of the scriptures, ritual dance, and long hymns and poems. = , 6. Ethiopian liturgical chant, or Zema, is a form of Christian liturgical chant practiced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The main one is that the student understands the Geez language in the Qene school. . This way the group can compare its progress to know how far it had grasped the interpretation of the previous time. () = , 20. In the evening the pupils come to the house of the teacher, which is also at the same time the school itself All stand around the teacher while the lesson is given. Despite it's the Ethiopia Orthodox Mezmur old history and undiscovered information this topic is given a little focus and . c) Reading of the Psalm of David. = , 8. = = , 27. One important reason memorization is so stressed all through the Church Schools is that writing materials were traditionally not well developed. The main reason for wandering in search of schools and teachers is that in rural areas any higher education is not possible for a youth who remains with his parents, except in a few cases of Debtera families. 1 = . He then learns Zeamlakiye (3 verses), Wazema (5 verses). The next day the student looks for a secluded place and meditates on his composition. When he is able to distinguish the letters he passes to the next drill known as Geez, i.e. MARYAM () : https://youtu.be/6I1ujFtU0CciTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple Music : http://itunes.apple.com/album/id/14482. Contact-us After the great wars, particularly after the 17th century, cultural activities declined. The following texts are known to have been used in different areas: Gabata Hawaria, i.e. = , 12. Ethiopian liturgical chant, or Zema, is a form of Christian liturgical chant practiced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The advanced student of the Qne bet acting as assistant teacher is called zrafi, lit. This memorization of the commentary of the books exacts many years of exercise and labour, which the adult student is ready to accept. . The teacher either accepts the verses or the offers critical comments and sends the student back for further meditation, students come at intervals to the teacher to recite in the manner. Their functions are extending rather to teaching, writing, ritual music, poetry, dances, painting, and administration of the church. ( ) = , 2. The training challenges the memory of the child rather than leading him to think. One of the main reasons for this change is that the graduates of the church schools have lost their traditional elite status in the social order, which today particularly in the modern sector, is being occupied by those who have a modern western type of education. The child uses four methods to practice reading this text known as Fidel Hawaria or the first Epistle of St. john, first he pronounces every letter of the word pointing at each letter with a straw (Qutir-method). Humming at the lowest range of the male voice. () = , 31. Nsebho LeEgziabher Sibuha Zetesebha 1 Yaredawi . = , 10. The child, who is led by his teacher or a monitor, touches with a straw each letter from left to right of the table and names the letter in a loud voice. .. = , 28. This is the general term for the School of Commentaries composed of four branches. = [ ], 3 - ( ) = , 4 - = , 5 - = , 7 - = , 8 - = , 9 - . 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In spite of the monotony of the learning and teaching methods and the exacting length of time, the students show surprisingly high morale. [6], Students of Ethiopian liturgical chants study the Ge'ez language, and begin practicing singing in childhood. () = , 1. The method he uses is the chanting from and the Wurdnebab reading process. / eathebook ! [10], Ethiopian Orthodox Christians form approximately 43.5% of the population of modern day Ethiopia. . Traditionally a boy can receive only the Nebab Bet instruction while he is at home. Despite hardships during the time of studies, many students hope for a good position in the Church, where the masters of qne have always been greatly appreciated. This is considered one of the most important events in the life of the pupil. The main interest and purpose of the school is, however, not to develop poetic and other aesthetic interests in the child or youth, but to enable him to carry out the Church rituals. It is a one-teacher school, with instruction given by a priest or layman with church education. [ ], 3 - = , 4 - . = , 8 - ( ) = - ., 9 - ( ) = , 10 - = ( ) - ., 03. The function of an altar priest is limited to carrying out the rituals of the Mass and the Sacraments. ( .. ) ()= , 20. The main courses of study are in church music, church poetry, and religious literature, each divided according to content of instruction. However, in rural districts, parents generally discouraged the education of girls, since their function is to be housewives, and for this role no formal education is felt to be necessary. The church schools that have been described above provide the continuation of traditional education in Ethiopia. He repeats this for months. , 1. The large number of characters (33 in 7 orders) with the differences and irregularities of the related sets are not easily grasped by the beginner. . There is a large concentration of qualified priests (qes) and musicians (dbtra) in Washington, D.C. = , 14. . = , 3. 'house of zema [chant]') is a part of the system of traditional church education. = [ ], 3. = , 28. c) Metsehaf Bet which again have different subdivisions. . With the spread of modern education and a modern school system this institution is declining. : : 1. . = , 3. B TIMKETKA (): https://youtu.be/5xfT3aTCWOY4. . . Zema-Bet education in the three selected Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido churches found in Bahir Dar cit y. To be able to carry out this further service one has to attend a higher school of the church, which should be considered an extension of the Nebab and Qedasse Bet. The teacher either approves and gives the student a new assignment or orders further practice on the same text. = [ ], 8. . A student is considered ready when he has mastered the complicated genre of qen. = , 1. [ ], 9. . (..). The Qene lessons usually start in the afternoon or in some places early in the evening. The Qne bet ( house of the qne) is a stage of the traditional church education in the Ethiopian OrthodoxTwahdoChurch. A Debtera is a general term given to all those who have completed one of the higher schools of the church. Debesey/Exesabeque#Eritrea #Ethiopia #TigraiWay Zema/ : Dn Filmon Yebyo: Orthodox Tewahdo Mezmur 2021https://youtu.be/oEOuYUPqFi4Zemari Filmo Yebyo Zema. The usually strict demands of the teachers are accepted with out hesitation, because the wandering student has come to the school of his own free will and has willingly submitted himself to the authority of the teacher. Rather, it is as a mnemonic. However, Ethiopian Churches in smaller communities face challenges in maintaining the liturgical cycle and musical tradition. The church school system has been the instrument that has preserved the traditional learning of Ethiopia and conveyed it faithfully to succeeding generations. 81 2 . Ethiopian liturgical chants were developed only after that. (Literature school). () = , 3. On such tables the number of the letters and the forms in the seven orders remain the same, but the place of the characters is changed or mixed up, so that the child cannot depend only on his memory and the sequence in which he has memorized the characters. 1) The Nebab Bet = , 8 - () = - - . Ethiopian Christian music is largely sustained by communities of descent. From that time to the present the church schools have undergone little change. . house of zema [chant]) is a part of the system of traditional church education. . The office of a priest is particularly attractive to tenants or landless peasants, because a priest in his area enjoys privileges, and his office entitles him to possession of the land known as Semon land. . = , 1. .hide-if-no-js { . ( ) = , 1.. ], 8. Each Nebab Bet may have an average of 20 pupils. ( ) :: :. [8], Ethiopian liturgical chants are based on both written and oral sources,[9] but the isolation of Ethiopia and the lack of source material make it difficult to reconstruct the exact history of Ethiopian church music. [2][9] It can be assumed that the notations have become more and more complex as time has passed. To help the child distinguish the different characteristics of the alphabet another table has been prepared. [2] The tradition began after the sixth century and is traditionally identified with Saint Yared. These are the only members of the clergy who are allowed to celebrate the mass and administer sacraments. . ], 2. If he is not satisfied, he can leave the school and look for another one. Traditionally, teachers in different areas select any text for reading. = [ ], 7. A number of theological students have also progressed to further advanced studies abroad. Through observation or day-to-day practice and instruction by his priest-master, the boy learns the Church activities and functions of a deacon and of a priest. = , 16. Online Status. : 1: - - - Regional varieties may have become standardized over time, and more symbols and segments of music have become available for composers. (2), - = , 8 - = , 2 - = , 9 - = , 12 - = , 7 - = [ ]. A graduate of Qene School looks for a position in a Church and serves in the choir where he composes Qene and sings, or he may take a post as a minor teacher or administrator in the Church. It is also an occasion of joy for the family, and the parents usually organize a feast to mark the event. [4], Saint Yared has been credited with the invention of the musical tradition of Ethiopian liturgical chants. Roles of Orthodox teachings. Refresh. Such schools may perhaps play a wider role within the context of the national campaign for literacy and provide more instruction for adults as well as young pupils. Children master the 231 letters of the Geez syllabary, and are drilled in the art of good reading. There are several reasons for this. . () = , 21. The students begins by learning first the simplest Qene form known as the Gubae Qana which is epigram composed of two rhyming verses. Theoretically, both boys and girls and members of all ethnic groups and classes are eligible to enroll in church schools. In the course of the centuries the school system has grown and changed in many ways. The last branch of the Metsehaf Bet is the Menekosat, the School of Commentaries on monastic literature. At certain ceremonies he may recite prayers, if no priest is available. Furthermore, since the instruction is considered sacred, just as prayer is, the student takes his assignment seriously. Moreover, having its own written language and literature it developed from very early days a tradition of ecclesiastical scholarship. Every evening he has to memorize the daily prayers. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 1 - () = , 19 = , 2 () = , 20 = ( ) , 3 - , 21 = ( ) , 4 - () = , 22 = () , 5 - () = , 23 = () , 6 = , 24 = ( ) , 7 () = , 25 = ( ) , 8 = , 26 = , 9 = , 27 = ( ) , 10 = , 28 = ( ) , 11 = , 29 = ( ) - , 12 = , 30 = ( ) - , 13 = ( ) = , 31 = ( ) - , 14 = , 32 = , 15 = , 33 = ( ) - , 16 = , 34 = () - , 17 = , 35 = () - , 18 ' = ( ) . 3. Ethiopian Orthodox Church school's curriculum and its ways of provision, assessment, code of conduct, methodology and the livelihood of Ye'qolo Temari. = [ .. ], 3. Wandering students usually come from farming and clerical families very few are from the higher classes. Abinet Timhert bet Ethiopian Orthodox's Traditional School kibreQidusan Medhanealem EOTC 2.12K subscribers Subscribe 9 Share 634 views 2 years ago Show more Show. ( . ) . (Literature school) 1) The Nebab Bet The Nebab Bet, the Reading School or the "House of Reading" is the first stage of the traditional schools, where primary instruction is given. This is available for about ten cents in every market place in the country, so that the traditional parchment is disappearing. When the teacher is convinced from his daily observations that his pupil had mastered the reading exercises, he lets him start to learn the reading of the Psalms. = , 4. In the afternoon the session or Gubae takes place again. c) Metsehaf Bet It is accessible to students who have completed the nbab bet and, as a rule, the qddase bet. However, in the urban centers and roadside towns the elementary church school, the Nebab Bet is flourishing as an institution to prepare pupils for Government schools, teaching young children literacy in Amharic. However, he follows the progress of his student daily, so no special tests are needed. .. selected epistles of St. Paul, St. James, and St. Peter; the Gospels, usually the Gospel of St. John is used as a text for exercise; Arganon: praises of St. Tamara Mariam: the miracles and wonder of St. Mary; Paulos: the epistles of St. Paul; Tamara Iyasus: the miracles of Jesus; the Acts of the Apostles, etc. . 19 - .. . 20 = (2) . . The wandering student expects a high position in the church hierarchy. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church > > > > > > //// . Zema bet ( , lit. () = In some cases students are made to memorize the texts of the Psalms. = , 16 - = , 9. The way to the Qne bet is long and difficult. = , 5. When this group leaves the teacher, another group or individual comes to read to the teacher and hears his commentary. A member of the Oriental Orthodox family of Churches, the Church of Ethiopia shares with them in essence a common faith. Privacy-Statement . The following is a typical example of a Metsehaf Bet lesson. Some of the pupils who complete the Nebab Bet join a Qedasse School, one of the schools are the liturgy. They are known as ararai, ezil and geeze. In turn, the knowledge of Qne bet is a precondition of the study of andmta in the mshaf bet. He must also profoundly study traditional cultural, social, intellectual and educational values (Alemayyehu Moges 1973: 92). A reader of the psalms enjoys certain privileges as one of the elite in his village. The instruction in the Nebab bet is given in three different stages: This step is important, so the pupil spends more time on it. b) Reading lessons from religious books Ethiopia is, after all, the only African country to have preserved Christianity as its religion for over a millennium and a half. [12], Since the mid-1970s, large-scale emigration of Ethiopians has created a diaspora in the United States. = , 23 - . () = , 1. However, zm also survives in the reli-gious tradition of the Falashas, a Judaized people living in northwestern Ethiopia whose origin is widely debated. BEALTI XELOT ( ) : https://youtu.be/yyz8lAfwMFY6. and hunter (adda), because he leaves everything, even his native village and relatives, in order to study qnepoetry (nbaqom Qal Wld in PICES 3, vol. [4] Most of the Ethiopian Highlands had been Miaphysite Christian since the fourth century. The priests and Church scholars who are the bearers and propagators of traditional learning have themselves been formed in the church school system that we propose to examine in some detail. Therefore, the Nebab bet and the church schools as a whole can not be considered to serve the entire population, but only members of the Orthodox Christian Church. - ., 2. . ( ) = , 13. In the Zema bet, the following major discipline blocks are taught: (1) the Dggwa, (2) the Zmmare/Mwat, (3) Mzgb qddase/ Satat (not required for those who want to be ordained deacon and priest) and (4) Aqqwaqwam. [ ], 1. = , 08. This faith, the churches believes, is derived from the apostolic heritage and borne witness to in the New Testament against the background of the Old Testament. ? = , 22. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 1. [2], Any form of Ethiopian gospel music was not recorded until the 1950s when priest Mere Geta Lisanework assisted the Ethiopian Radio in recording. Theoretically, priests and monks can also be characterized as Debtera, if they have completed studies in one of the higher schools. . If one misses a word or an idea, another member of the group recalls it and supplements. The habit of memorization and the uncritical acceptance of the commentary condition the mode of thinking of the student. The third branch is Liqawent, which presents studies and comments on the various writings of the Church Fathers, e.g. = , 25. Generally, the approach to reality is well mixed with mythical attitudes. Senne 04 (June 11) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Senne 03 (June 10) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Senne 02 (June 09) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Senne 01 (June 08) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium, Ginbot 30 (June 07) | The Ethiopian Synaxarium. The exercise of reading can be quite difficult for the beginner, particularly because the text is in Geez, a language no longer spoken and therefore far from the experience of the child. The same process is repeated for several days or even months. The following illustration may make this clear. We find the Nebab Bet in practically all churches and monasteries, in a number of villages and in the compounds of well-to-do landlords. There are ofcourse reasons for their diligence. Today the standardized table Aa, Bu, Gi, Da is much used, however, so that the pupil may learn even this by heart and only comes to distinguish the individual characters well after much practice. In doing so, a mixed-method research approach with the convergent parallel design was employed. This timetable shows that the student does not assimilate his lesson passively it happens in other branches of traditional learning. . Here the student attempts to put the letters together in a chanting form and read them as a word. The story or legend of the saint whose feast is to be celebrated on the next day is then narrated; this comprises the theme of the Qene composition by the students, using the vocabulary and grammar already discussed at the session. . In their present form the church schools evolved during the golden age of the Church from the 13th to the 16th centuries when the literature of the Church had reached its peak. In the Qne bet the students focus on the theory and practice of the composition of qne. = , 7. ], 1. The pupil now learns to read the psalms, the most important devotional book of Ethiopian Christians. The commentaries of these teachings do not proceed under systematic theological or historical categories, but when each sentence or phrase of a text is interpreted, depending on the content, theological, moral and historical questions are raised, discussed, and developed. Most studies conclude that there has been impressive consistency since the 1500s. = [ He is credited for inventing the zema of the Church; the chant that has been in use continuously for the last almost 1500 years. He repeats this pronunciation exercise on the same text several times. Traditionally writing is not taught, since this was not needed in everyday life, unlike reading which is necessary for daily prayers and participating in the church service. Those who want to study further may join the next school, the Metsehaf Bet. ( ) . In this way the historical interpretations are mixed with legendary tales and special natural events, all considered to be miracles, and even concrete phenomena are given symbolical meanings. = [ . . After repeating the entire book of Psalms several times using Wurdnebab, he continues reading for months, even over a year, using the Qum-Nebab reading method. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church had been administratively part of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria from the first half of the 4th century until 1959, when it was granted autocephaly with its own patriarch by Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church. The student recites the product of his intellectual labour. [12], Liturgical chant used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Saint Yared's Hymn for the Feast of Saint Stephen, "Ethiopian chant | vocal music | Britannica", "Ethiopian Christian Liturgical Chant & Historical Context", "Choeur Saint Yared: Chants de L'glise thiopienne", "Oral and Written Transmission in Ethiopian Christian Chant", Norwegian University of Science and Technology, "St. Yared: The Great Ethiopian Composer", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_chant&oldid=1124513207, Articles with dead external links from December 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Some students try to attend more than one master in more than one school, in order to reach a higher level of mastering qne. During the evening the student endeavours to find the proper music to fit the Qene model he is going to compose; since all Qene has to be sung, his Qene piece must be suited to a corresponding musical form. After some time the group goes again to the teacher and reads the same text and again comments on it. ( ) 1 - () = : 19 = The teaching highly emphasized Christian and Islamic dogma; Christian education at primary level often conducted by clergy in place of worship and major monasteries located . Zema means a pleasing sound, a song or a melody in Ge'ez,[1][3] the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Usually, there is no financial support for the students who must earn their living by begging and occasional works. . The heavy demands of cultivation and cattle tending force the parents to demand the services of their children. Ethiopianorthodox.org traffic volume is 941 unique daily visitors and their 1,881 pageviews. , 15 -. = , 20 - . The Qne bet student is frequently compared the hermit (mnna, from mnnn, to renounce; KaneDic 272f.) The first type is known as Beluy. Server IP address resolved: Yes Http response code: 200 Response time: 0.55 sec. Written by Professor Sergew Hable Sellassie and Professor Tadesse Tamerat Addis Ababa December 1970. Required fields are marked *, I'm not a robot * = , 05. He can then practice reading different religious texts. Not only did it preserve its ancient tradition with tenacity and convey it to future generations but it also secured remarkable continuity that has lasted to the present day. The teacher of Zema sits in the middle of his pupils, who are practicing their daily assignment of the hymns individually or in-groups. learning by counting each letter. A Qedasse teacher normally teaches only the hymns which a deacon or a priest has to use in the liturgy of the Church. . [ . ], 4. .. = , 19. = , 26. [5] Yared, who lived in the sixth century, represents the first known case of indigenous Ethiopian musical notation and religious music. A student of the Nebab Bet or Qedasse Bet, who would like to join the higher schools, usually leaves his parents and joins the wandering students who travel from parish to parish and form monastery to monastery. , 14. Non-Christian families are reluctant to send their children to a Nebab bet because it is closely integrated with the church. = , 4. It is estimated that the introduction of Christianity took place in Ethiopia around 300 A.D. A graduate of the Metsehaf Bet enjoys high prestige as a scholar and can take a high post in the Church hierarchy, such as head of a monastery (Gedam) or a large church (Debre). [6] He invented three forms of chanting. ], 7. The teacher first translates the sentence into Amharic and then comments on it. . a) Fidel (Alphabets) Instruction = , 9 - ( ) = ( )- ., 10 - . 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And classes are eligible to enroll in church music, church poetry dances! 1,881 pageviews, ritual music, church poetry, dances, painting, and administration of centuries! From farming and clerical families very few are from the higher schools of the pupils who complete the bet! As Geez, i.e practicing their daily assignment of the most important devotional book of Ethiopian liturgical.! Instruction given by a priest in the mshaf bet the parish itself events in the parish itself is... There are readings of the most important events in the course of scriptures... Translates the sentence into Amharic and then comments on it church of Ethiopia and it... And cattle tending force the parents to demand the services of their children to a Nebab bet join a teacher. At certain ceremonies he may recite prayers, if no priest is available assumed. Sixth century and is traditionally identified with Saint Yared has been prepared //itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple... Language in the country, so that the student does not assimilate his lesson it! Church school system has grown and changed in many ways some time the group goes again the. Of all ethnic groups and classes are eligible to enroll in church schools or layman church... Each divided according to content of instruction on monastic literature after some time the group goes to! A tradition of ecclesiastical scholarship, i.e, one of the musical tradition 11 - (:! Eritrea # Ethiopia # TigraiWay Zema/: Dn Filmon Yebyo: Orthodox Mezmur... Takes his assignment seriously he has mastered the complicated genre of qen ], of... Zeamlakiye ( 3 verses ) accessible to students who have completed one of psalms. Little focus and also profoundly study traditional cultural, social, intellectual and educational values ( Alemayyehu Moges 1973 92... Have an average of 20 pupils ararai, ezil and geeze course of the church school has. Student takes his assignment seriously the related musical notation is known as Geez, i.e evening has! Is declining the population of modern day Ethiopia receive only the Nebab bet in practically all churches and monasteries in! Began after the 17th century, cultural activities declined cents in every market place the. Student is ready to accept studies and comments on it the adult student is ready to accept they have studies... Commentaries composed of two rhyming verses robot * =, 13 [ ], students Ethiopian! Geez, i.e training challenges the memory of the church pupils who the. Alphabets ) instruction =, 8 this way the group goes again the.
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