Richard was silent during Adams speech and then listened with thoughtful and respectful attention to the arguments that were offered by supporters and opponents of the declaration under consideration. Address: 11-15 Wiggins St Princeton, NJ 08542. Located in Princeton, it promotes the application of fundamental principles of republican government and ordered liberty to contemporary problems through a variety of centers, research programs, seminars, consultations, and publications. The former John Witherspoon Middle School, Princeton, New Jersey. Feb 5 1723 - East Lothian, Ecosse, Royaume-Uni, Nov 15 1794 - Princeton, Comt De Mercer, New Jersey, tats-Unis, Princeton Cemetery, Princeton, New Jersey, United States, Feb 5 1722 - Gifford, East, Lothian, Scotland, Nov 15 1794 - Princeton, Mercer, New Jersey, Scottish-American Presbyterian Minister And A Founding Father Of The United States, Manse Of Yester, Gifford, East Lothian, Scotland, United Kingdom, Princeton Cemetery, Princeton, New Jersey. He was a longtime friend of George Washington. John Knox was his ancestor. The 47 year-old son of a plantation owner, he was first elected to the colonial legislature in 1761, and sent to the first and second Continental Congresses. Witherspoon owned slaves and lectured against the abolition of slavery.[28]. External links:Richard Stockton at the Biographical Directory of the United States CongressBiography by Rev. He can have no right either to take away life, or to make it insupportable by excessive labor. He first took a moderate stance in the troubles between the colonies and England. The Pennsylvania delegation had been 4-3 against independence, but Robert Morris and John Dickinson deliberately stayed away from the State House during the balloting, allowing Pennsylvania, under the unit rule, to support independence despite instructions by which the two men felt themselves personally bound. Username and password are case sensitive. Witherspoon instituted a number of reforms, including modeling the syllabus and university structure after that used at the University of St. Andrews and other Scottish universities. He is particularly interested in the experiences of children in 1765-75. Coordinates: 40.35238 N, 74.66019 W. As the "Loudest Voice" for Independence, he is . When the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in America met in 1789, 52 of the 188 delegates had studied under Witherspoon. 2009. Between 1776 and 1782, Witherspoon would serve on more than 100 committees, wearing his minister's robes in Congress to remind the delegates that God was on their side. Yet he so conducted himself that Benjamin Rush of Pennsylvania said of Morris that "every attachment of his heart yielded to his love of his country.". According to John Witherspoon, he arrived on or before July 3rd. At the urging of Benjamin Rush and Richard Stockton, whom he met in Paisley,[14] Witherspoon finally accepted their renewed invitation (having turned one down in 1766) to become president and head professor of the small Presbyterian College of New Jersey in Princeton. Reason third, you can write ten times better than I can.". He applied himself to the study of law under the honorable David Ogden of Newark, at that time the most eminent lawyer in the province. My heart melts with compassion for my brave countrymen who are thus venturing their lives in the public service and yet so distressed. This article was originally published in 2009. In the months that followed, impassioned speeches were delivered from New Hampshire to Georgia, and the political tension became almost unbearable. In addition, part of the Battle of Princeton in 1777 was fought on the college campus the college was so badly damaged that it was closed for several years. John attended the preparatory school in Haddington Scotland. Rush and Stockton's recruiting letters can be found in Butterfield, L. H., "John Witherspoon Comes to America", Princeton University Library, Princeton, New Jersey. John R. Vile. John Witherspoon was a Pastor, President of Princeton and signer of the Declaration of Independence. It had been a long and muddy ride from Princeton, they had been caught in a violent thunderstorm, and their clothes were soaking wet. He resigned his royal appointments and New Jersey elected him to the Continental Congress in June 1776. Hancock is also reported to have said that "we must be unanimous. Witherspoon advocated for "gradual emancipation" of slaves. Please try again. Witherspoon was responsible for its reconstruction after the war, which caused him great personal and financial difficulty. While there, on November 30, 1776, he and Covenhoven were captured in the middle of the night, dragged from their beds by loyalists, stripped of their property and marched to Perth Amboy and turned over to the British. In this sense, the temporal principles of morality required a religious component which derived its authority from the spiritual. However, none was more important than moral philosophy (a required course). In 1752, John Stockton and his stepfather, Thomas Leonard, gave money and land to establish the College of Princeton (later Princeton University) in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1768, he left Scotland to travel to New Jersey, to accept a position as President of the College of New Jersey (now known as Princeton University). John C. Witherspoon was the Calvinist preacher, President of Princeton College, and signer of the Declaration of Independence. The British considered his college to be a "seminary of sedition." As he raced through the stormy darkness, it must have occurred to Caesar Rodney that a political storm was rising out of Philadelphia that would change the course of history. Williamsburg, Virginia, Omohundro Institute of American History and Culture and Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017. Biography by Rev. On September 26, 1776, he and fellow signer George Clymer of Pennsylvania were sent on an arduous journey of nearly two months duration to inspect the northern army. [11] During his two pastorates he wrote three well-known works on theology, notably the satire "Ecclesiastical Characteristics" (1753),[12] which opposed the philosophical influence of Francis Hutcheson.[13]. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. He was the only active clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration. The two remaining sons were bred to professions, and arose to distinction. They had a great deal to lose - life, liberty, and property - but they were convinced that the cause was worth the risk. Witherspoon had declined the appointment as president of the college because his wife was reluctant to emigrate. The Stocktons had six children. John Witherspoon was born at Gifford, a parish of Yester, at East Lothian, Scotland, as the eldest child of the Reverend James Alexander Witherspoon and Anne Walker, a descendant of John Welsh of Ayr and John Knox. In his Lectures on Divinity, Rev. Parades and demonstrations, patriotic observances and celebrations, were held across the states. He was elected to the Continental Congress from 1776-1782, elected to the state legislature in New Jersey from 1783-1789 and was the president of the College of New Jersey from 1768-1792. Even George Read of Delaware, who had voted against the Declaration on July 2nd, signed it, as did Robert Morris of Pennsylvania, who had stayed away from the session rather than vote no as he was formally instructed to do. He served on over 100 committees, most notably the powerful standing committees, the board of war and the committee on secret correspondence or foreign affairs. His 1776 sermon "The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men" was published in many editions, and he was elected to the Continental Congress as part of the New Jersey delegation. Stockton did, however, take an active role as a trustee of the College of New Jersey. Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, Witherspoon Street School for Colored Children, Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence, "Petition regarding the statue of John Witherspoon on Firestone Plaza", "LibGuides: African American Studies: Slavery at Princeton", Science and Religion in America, 18001860, "Statue / Monument of John Witherspoon in Washington DC by Sculptor William Couper", "National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania", "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Witherspoon Building", "Princeton School Board changes name of John Witherspoon Middle School", "Welcome witherspoonsociety.org - BlueHost.com", "Presbyterian Voices for Justice celebrates its history as it donates to three social justice causes", Biography on Princeton University's website, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Birth of Richard Stockton, Signer of "The Decla Signer of Declaration of IndependenceDelegate to Continental Congress, Signer Declaration of Independence. In August 1767, he boarded a ship in London and 26 days later arrived in New York. Following the war, Witherspoon devoted his life to rebuilding the College. The man chosen to formally declare the reasons for independence was Thomas Jefferson, a 33 year-old lawyer and plantation owner from Virginia. Two years later, the 68-year old minister married 24 year old Ann Dill, with whom he would have two daughters. If something of the kind was not done, he warned Lord Dartmouth, the result would be an obstinate, awful, and tremendous war. After nearly five weeks of brutal treatment, Stockton was released on parole, his health ruined. On August 23, 1783, George Washington attended the public reception by Congress in Princeton. No 5,page 127Abstracts of the Council of Safety Minutes, State of New Jersey, 1777-1778, Hutchinson, Richard S., Heritage Books 2005,Letters of Delegates to Congress, Vol.6.Bill, Alfred Hoyt., A House Called Morven. . At the age of four, he could read the Bible. They were the parents of at least 6 sons and 3 daughters. Witherspoon's wife had opposed her husband's taking the position but her objections were overcome with the aid of his future son-in-law Benjamin Rush, who was a medical student in Edinburgh. John Witherspoon is Don Rigali . John Hart died owing money, and most of his property was sold for a pittance. This ancestor of actress Reese Witherspoon contributed to the education of several high profile Founding Parents of the United States. by John C. Glynn, Jr. and Kathryn Glynn, 2008, Sources:American Archives. Soon, Witherspoon came to support the American Revolution, joining the New Jersey Committee of Correspondence and Safety in early 1774. John Witherspoon, (born Feb. 15, 1723, [Feb. 5, 1722, old style], Gifford, East Lothian, Scot.died Nov. 15, 1794, Tusculum, N.J., U.S.), Scottish-American Presbyterian minister and president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University); he was the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. John Witherspoon was a Scottish-American Presbyterian minister, educator, farmer, slaveholder, and a Founding Father of the United States. His philosophy was relatively pragmatic and blended well with the classical liberal strains of political thought advocated in his day. During his two pastorates he wrote three well-known works on theology, notably the satire "Ecclesiastical Characteristics" (1753) opposing the philosophical influence of Francis Hutcheson. He quickly sided with the patriots who favored independence, and in June 1776, he was elected to Congress. In 1776, Stockton was elected to the Continental Congress, where he took a very active role. Declaration Timeline | The President's House in Princeton, New Jersey, was his home from 1768 to 1779 and is a U.S. National Historic Landmark. Stockton became an eminent Lawyer with one of the largest practices in the colonies. Richard Stocktons eldest son Richard became a New Jersey senator and Stocktons served in Congress for four generations. Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. Stockton was appointed to committees supporting the war effort. In John Trumbull's famous painting Declaration of Independence, Witherspoon is among those shown in the background facing the large table, the second seated figure from the viewer's right. Ancestry, Richard "The Signer" was born to John Stockton (born 1701) & Abigail Phillips. If so, login to add it. He became a member of the Society of Friends (Quakers) and purchased 2000 acres of land in Burlington, New Jersey. Sold June 4, 2008, in Printed & Manuscript Americana for $132,000. [2], He was then moved to Provost Prison in New York where he was intentionally starved and subjected to freezing cold weather. His handsome features and highly polished manners made him very popular. Son of Honorable John Stockton and Abigail Stockton At Princeton, he mentored constitutional architect James Madison; as a New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress, he was the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. "Why do you spare my house? 5/177. There was no place to acquire these items and unfortunately no money to purchase them with if they were to be found. Richard and his wife Abigail (nee unknown) were the parents of Richard "The Builder" Stockton, the grandfather of Rihcard "The Signer" Stockton. A merchant ship, the SS John Witherspoon, saw service during World War II as part of convoy PQ-17, and was sunk by a German U-boat in the North Atlantic on 6 July 1942. "I am a merchant of New York, but I am a Virginian first," he declared in the House of Burgesses. 1898, Page 18Corner, George W. The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush. Just one grandparent can lead you to many On his return to Princeton, he traveled 30 miles east to the home of a friend, John Covenhoven, to evacuate his family to safety, and away from the path of the British army. In November 1778, as British forces neared, Witherspoon closed and evacuated the College of New Jersey. In March 1777, only two months after Stocktons release, in a letter to British Parliament General Howe wrote at no time had a leading rebel sought pardon. The book His Sacred Honor comes to Stocktons defense against these revisionist writers using rumors and innuendo to spread this false claim against a founding father. BYU Law Review 2003 (2003): 891-940. In Princeton today, a University dormitory built in 1877, the street running north from the University's main gate, and the local public middle school all bear his name. John bartlett family trees listed as josiah, was glorious to be freely in particular repeal of independence in the independents in his many ventures including women. 2006Gruber, Ira D., The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution. The Institute was founded in 2003 by Princeton University professor and conservative Robert P. George, Luis Tellez, and others involved with the James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions. Richard was born at the Stockton family home now known as Morven in the Stony Brook neighborhood of Princeton, New Jersey, attended Samuel Finley's academy at Nottingham, which later became West Nottingham Academy, and the College of New Jersey located in Newark, graduating in 1748. The next round from the gun went through the mansion, killing the British soldiers inside and destroying the Nelson home. Moses Coit Tyler "President Witherspoon in the American Revolution" The American Historical Review Volume 1, Issue 1, July 1896. pp. Dr. John Witherspoon, President of Princetion University and a signer of the American Declaration of Independence. As president of Princeton, Witherspoon educated five delegates to the U.S. On July 2, 1776, the day of the vote on independence, another delegate claimed that America wasn't yet ripe enough for independence. John Witherspoon: The Signers of the Declaration of Independence John Witherspoon was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Nelson, who died in poverty after paying off his wartime debts "like an honest man," said he was only honoring a pledge he had made six years before. "Give me the cannon," Nelson shouted. Stockton had the honor of personally presenting to King George III an address of the trustees of the College of New Jersey, acknowledging the repeal of the Stamp Act, and his address was favorably received by the king. "John Witherspoon." Their son Richard Stockton became an eminent lawyer and prominent Federalist leader. He did not favor separation; rather, he suggested in 1764 that some colonial members be appointed to the Parliament. He married Mary Witherspoon about 1754, in Ireland. Witherspoon, in accordance with the Scottish moral sense philosophy, taught that all human beings, Christian or otherwise, could be virtuous, but he was nonetheless committed to Christianity as the only route to personal salvation. [8] Later days and legacy. Witherspoon immediately declared "It is not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it." Witherspoon became the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. While he at first abstained from political concerns, he came to support the revolutionary cause, accepting appointment to the committees of correspondence and safety in early 1776. The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle . After Stockton's death, Annis, one of America's first published female poets, became a favorite correspondent of General Washington. Another daughter, Ann, married Samuel Stanhope Smith, who succeeded Witherspoon as president of Princeton. John Witherspoon is a DAR Patriot Ancestor. John Witherspoon was born into a ministerial family near Edinburgh on Feb. 5, 1723. The other New York signer, Lewis Morris, lost his magnificent estate, "Morrisania", which was sacked and burned. Exhausted, racked by cancer, Rodney set out after dusk and rode all night through the pouring rain and the crashing thunder, stopping only long enough to change horses. The eulogy was delivered by Rev. John Witherspoon, an early convert to the Patriot cause, was president of the College of New Jersey (today's Princeton University) and the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. His wife, Elizabeth, with whom he had ten children, wanted to stay in Scotland, but he finally was able to convince her to come with him. In fact, an ancestor, John Witherspoon, signed the Declaration of Independence. Lanham, Md. However, in this framework, non-Christian societies could have virtue, which, by his definition, could be found in natural law. Morrison, Jeffry H. John Witherspoon and the Founding of the American Republic. After hearing the irresistible and conclusive arguments of the honorable John Adams for independence, Richard fully concurred in the final vote in favor of that bold and decisive measure. They were empowered by Congress to contract for provisions, provide barracks, make regulations for hospitals and report back to Congress on the state of the army. "[5], Howe's Document that Stockton signed giving his word of honor not to meddle in the American affairs during the war was the parole Benjamin Rush said Richard Stockton was given when he was released from prison in New York.[6]. Herbert Foster has identified five points of political Calvinism that appear to apply to Witherspoon: fundamental law, natural rights, contract and consent of people, popular sovereignty, resistance to tyranny through responsible representatives (Quoted in Morrison 2005: 81). When he had backed away from the table, one delegate whispered, "There go a few millions!". Tonight there was to be no rest for this weary patriot. Trevor Colbourn (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1974) 181. The exhausted rider was enthusiastically greeted by Thomas McKean and escorted in to the brick building where some 50 to 60 men were about to decide the fate of a continent. Died on November 15, 1794 in Near Princeton, New Jersey, USA , United States. There must be no pulling different ways; we must all hang together." Stony Brook Quaker Meeting House Burial Ground, Princeton Township, New Jersey, United States, Oct 1 1730 - Princeton, Somerset, Province of New Jersey, Feb 28 1781 - Princeton, Somerset, New Jersey, USA, Richard Arthur Stockton, Julia Rush, Mary Stockton, Susan Stockton, Lucius Stockton, Abigail Field, Hannah Boudinot, Rev. But none of the signers ever betrayed his pledged word. Richard Stocktons grandson Commodore Robert Field Stockton conquered California, became its first military governor in 1846, and in 1851 served as a Senator from New Jersey. Rush secured the deal. "Sir, out of respect to you," an artilleryman replied." Although he remained in prison for only a month, his health was broken. "No business can be done, some say, because money is scarce", he wrote. George III. In 1768, John Witherspoon, Presbyterian leader of the evangelical Popular party faction in the Scottish Kirk, became the College of New Jersey's sixth president. [23] An inventory of Witherspoon's possessions taken at his death included "two slaves valued at a hundred dollars each".[24]. Elias Boudinot served his country in many positions during the difficult times of the American Revolution. Witherspoon worked with fellow Presbyterians and Congregationalists to ensure that the Anglican Church did not become the established church of the new nation as it had been in some of the states, but he believed that members of the clergy had the same right to participate in politics as others did. -----------------------------------------------------------------. Reason second, I am obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular; you are very much otherwise. To which the witty Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania replied: "Yes, we must all hang together, or most assuredly, we shall all hang separately. They traveled to Albany, Saratoga, Ticonderoga, and every facility necessary to implement their mission, aided by General Schuler, who commanded the northern army. These 56 men who spoke for two and a half million American free men were a spectacular group of individuals. Joseph Hewes of North Carolina was a Quaker with a long pacifist heritage, and for many months he sided with those in Congress who were opposed to independence. Born in Scotland and educated at the University of Edinburgh, Witherspoon was a prominent 18th-century intellectual associated with the moral philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment. 1777."[10]. "My hand trembles," he said as he handed the quill to William Ellery, "but my heart does not." The fifth son of Richard, eight year old John Stockton, inherited much of his fathers land after Richard died in 1709. With the passage of the Stamp Act, such arguments were overcome by colonial backlash. From the pocket of his close-fitting coat Washington drew his carefully written reply. Photographic tour of John Witherspoon's grave at Princeton Cemetery. Princeton University Press, 1954, p. 43.Sanderson, John. Abigail is the daughter of Phillip Phillips and Hannah Stockton. The First Amendment Encyclopedia, Middle Tennessee State University (accessed Jan 18, 2023). That reaction deeply hurt Morton, particularly when he was ignored even after he fell gravely ill early in 1777. Witherspoon's mother's name has alternatively been spelled as "Anna Walker". Witherspoon also helped organize Nassau Presbyterian Church in Princeton, New Jersey. The author's work incorporates data from the application files of the Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, the Frank W. Leach manuscript, and many other published references. He was an affectionate husband, a tender parent and a cordial friend. Witherspoon was responsible for its rebuilding after the war, which caused him great personal and financial difficulty. He first took a moderate stance in the troubles between the colonies and Great Britain. He once wrote, "The public is generally unthankful, and I never will become a Servant of it, till I am convinced that by neglecting my own affairs I am doing more acceptable Service to God and Man." Dr. Witherspoon was born in Georgia and served as a lieutenant in the United States Army Reserve. Like Benedict Pictet (1655-1724), Witherspoon held firmly to the tenets of confessional Calvinism. Philip STOCKTON, Susanna STOCKTON, Hannah STOCKTON, Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey, British Colonial America, Princeton, Mercer County, NJ, United States, Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey, British America, Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, Morven, Princeton Township, Mercer, New Jersey, United States, Princeton, Mercer, New Jersey, United States, Patriots - Daughters of the American Revolution, Richard Signer of US Declaration of Independence Stockton, Judge Richard Stockton (Signer of Declaration of Independence), Richard, Signer Of The Declaration Of Independence Stockton, Richard Signer Of Us Declaration Of Independence STOCKTON, http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/stockton.htm, http://www.dsdi1776.com/signers-by-state/richard-stockton. This painting by artist John Trumbull depicts the moment on June 28, 1776, when the first draft of the Declaration of Independence was presented to the Second Continental Congress. Thus, public morality owed more to the natural moral laws of the Enlightenment than to revealed Christianity. They found the army in need of all necessary things and Stockton reported this to John Hancock. of Serle, 176-177, 178-179, 180, 186: John Shuttleworth to (Walter Spencer) Stanhope, June 29, (i.e., Jan. 29), 1777, Sterling, Annals of a Yorkshire House, II, 21: Henry Laurens to John Laurens, Feb. 3, 1777, C.O.5/40; the Howes to Germain, March 25, 1777, and (enclosed therein) declarations subscribed as a result of the proclamation of Nov. 30, 1777, C.O. John attended the preparatory school in Haddington Scotland. Richard was a son of John Stockton (1701-1758) the wealthy Princeton landowner who donated land and helped bring what is now Princeton University (then known as the College of New Jersey located in Newark) to Princeton, New Jersey. Although none of the Leaders, nor principal Instigators and Abettors of the Rebellion, thought fit to avail themselves of the opportunity given them to return to their Duty, we have some satisfaction in observing that so considerable a number of His Majesty's deluded Subjects, of inferior Rank, in those Provinces where the Proclamation could be expect to have Effect, were disposed to relinquish the unjust Cause they had been once induced to support. Behind that fleet were all the wealth and power of the British Empire. He would not live see his country win independence. . Boudinot became a member of the Continental Congress in 1778, and President of Congress in 1782-83. 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